Noun Clause

Name of Group : Dwiayu Purwindari (22216213)

                            Monica Dwi Andhini ( 24216516)

                            Muhammad Farras Erdanar (24216827)

Class                  : 3EB15

NOUN CLAUSE

Pengertian Noun Clause

Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, noun clause dapat berfungsi sebagai komponen kalimat seperti: subject, object of verb, object of preposition, dan subject complement serta dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“.

Rumus Noun Clause

Noun clause dapat diawali oleh noun clause markers atau subordinator berupa question word, if atau whether, dan that.

if/whether/that/ question word + S + V + …

Noun Clause Marker

Noun Clause Marker	Penjelasan
question word	Question word yang digunakan pada noun clause yaitu: ·         what(ever) ·         what (time, kind, day, etc) ·         who(ever) ·         whose ·         whom(ever) ·         which(ever) ·         where(ever) ·         when(ever) ·         how (long, far, many times, old, etc)
if/whether	Biasanya if atau whether digunakan untuk kalimat jawaban dari pertanyaan yes-no question atau bentuk reported speech dari pertanyaan tersebut.
that	Biasanya that-clause untuk mental activity. Berikut daftar verb pada main clauseyang biasanya diikuti that-clause: ·         assume ·         believe ·         discover ·         dream ·         guess ·         hear ·         hope ·         know ·         learn ·         notice ·         predict ·         prove ·         realize ·         suppose ·         suspect ·         think

Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause dengan Berbagai Noun Marker dan Peran dalam Kalimat

Noun Clause Marker	Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause
question word	What she cooked was delicious. (Apa yang dia masak lezat.) subject
	I want to know how he was in real. (Saya ingin tahu bagaimana dia aslinya.) direct object
	There’s no reward for whoever finishes first. (Tidak ada hadiah untuk siapa pun yang selesai lebih dulu.) object of preposition
	I listened carefully to what she said. (Saya mendengarkan dengan cermat dengan apa yang dia katakan.) object of preposition
	The girl comes from where many people live in poverty. (Anak berasal dari tempat dimana orang-orang hidup dalam kemiskinan.) object of preposition
if/whether	·         A: Where does Andy live? (Dimana Andy tinggal?) ·         B: I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta. (Saya pikir dia tinggal di Jakarta Barat.) direct object
	·         A: Does Andy live on Banana Street? (Apakah Andy tinggal di Jalan Pisang?) ·         B1: I don’t know if he lives on Pisang Street or not. (Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Pisang.) direct object ·         B2: I don’t know whether or not he lives on Banana Street. (Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Pisang atau tidak.) direct object
	Sarah wanted to know if he lived on Banana street. (Sarah ingin tahu apakah dia tinggal di Jalan Pisang.) reported speech, direct object
that	That today is his birthday is not right. (Bahwa hari ini ulang tahunnya tidak benar.) subject
	I think that the group will arrive in an hour. (Saya pikir rombongan itu akan tiba dalam satu jam.) direct object
	Many people had proved that the method was ineffective. (Banyak orang telah membuktikan bahwa metode tersebut tidak efektif.) direct object
	Diana believes that her life will be happier. (Diana percaya hidupnya akan lebih bahagia.) direct object
	The fact is that more than a hundred million people live in the ten largest cities in the world. (Faktanya bahwa lebih dari seratus juta orang tinggal di sepuluh kota terbesar di dunia.) subject complement
	We were worried that she couldn’t recover from divorce. (Kita khawatir dia tidak dapat membaik dari perceraian.) adjective complement

                                                               

Word Order pada Noun Clause

Word order (subject mendahului verb) digunakan pada noun clause yang diawali dengan question word, meskipun bagian main clause berupa pertanyaan.

Contoh Word Order Noun Clause

Can we imagine how old is he?	salah
-Can we imagine how old he is?	benar
Will you explain where did you go?	salah
Will you explain where you went?	benar
I can imagine what did the man say.	salah
I can imagine what the man said.	benar
No one knew whose chocolate was on the table.	benar (prepositional phrase setelah be)

Reduced Noun Clause

Hanya noun clause dengan subordinator “that” yang dapat direduksi. Namun tidak untuk that-clause yang berada di awal kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai subject.

Contoh Reduced Noun Clause

I hope that he is doing well. (Saya berharap bahwa dia baik-baik saja.)	benar
That she refused to sell her house is understandable. (Bahwa dia menolak untuk menjual rumahnya itu dapat dimengerti.)	salah
My dream is that people will find a way to connect with the poor.(Impian saya orang-orang akan dapat menemukan cara untuk berhubungan dengan orang miskin.)	benar

Tense pada Noun Clause

Tense pada noun clause dan main clause mungkin seringkali berbeda. Berikut penjelasan kombinasi dan contoh kalimatnya.

Main Clause + Noun Clause	Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause
present tense + future tense ·         jika action/state pada noun clausedilakukan/terjadi kemudian ·         jika action/state masih diprediksi akan terjadi di masa depan	I hope that the trip will be fun and unforgetable. (Saya berharap bahwa kunjungan tersebut akan menyenangkan dan tak terlupakan.)
	Many dream that solar energy will fully replace fossil fuels. (Banyak yang bermimpi bahwa tenaga surya akan menggantikan sepenuhnya bahwan bakar fosil.)
present tense + present tense ·         jika action/state pada noun clausedilakukan/terjadi pada saat yang bersamaan dengan main clause ·         jika merupakan kebenaran umum atau fakta	I guess that she is sleeping in the library now. (Saya kira dia sedang tidur di perpustakaan sekarang.)
	We know that atlantic salmon migrate to the ocean migrates to the ocean to feed and grow. (Kita tahu bahwa salmon atlantik bermigrasi ke lautan untuk makan dan tumbuh.)
present tense + past tense jika action/state telah dilakukan/terjadi sebelum action/state pada klausa utama	I think that the bread was baked three days ago. (Saya pikir roti itu dipanggang tiga hari lalu.)
past tense + future tense jika action/state pada noun clause masih diprediksi akan terjadi di masa depan	The scientist believed that there will be a cure for HIV. (Ilmuan tersebut percaya bahwa akan ada penyembuhan bagi HIV.)
past tense + present tense ·         jika action/state dilanjutkan sampai sekarang ·         jika action/state jika merupakan kebenaran umum atau fakta	I discovered that creating a website is not easy. (Saya menemukan bahwa membuat website itu tidak mudah.)
	The children learned that the earth is not square. (Anak-anak itu belajar bahwa bumi itu tidak persegi.)
past tense + past future jika action/state dilakukan/terjadi kemudian	The class assumed that the teacher would be late. (Kelas itu berasumsi bahwa guru itu akan terlambat.)
past tense + past tense jika action/state dilakukan secara bersamaan dengan action/state pada klausa utama	She supposed that her friend was walking to the post office. (Dia menduga bahwa temannya sedang berjalan ke kantor pos.)
past tense + past perfect jika action/state pada noun clause telah dilakukan/terjadi sebelum action/state pada main clause	He heard that you had written a book. (Dia mendengar bahwa kamu telah menulis sebuah buku.)

Contoh Soal

1.        . . .  Sarah told us earlier was not a lie
a. That
b. If
c. What
d. How

2.        My girl friend never tells me . . . her birthday is.

a. that
b. then
c. when
d. where

3.        . . . Mino did was very amazing.
a. Who
b. Whom
c. Why
d. That

4.        . . . he read is none of my business.

a. That
b. If
c. What
d. How

5.        Don’t ask her . . . she goes.

a. whether
b. why
c. what
d. that

6.        . . .Sule becomes so popular is amazing for many people.

a. That
b. If
c. What
d. How

7.        Daniel doesn’t understand … he is talking about.

a. That
b. If
c. What
d. How

8.        The fact . . .  Cindy always walks slowly doesn’t surprise him

a. That
b. If
c. What
d. How

9.        Where does Farras live? I wonder . . . he lives in Jakarta.

a. That
b. If
c. What
d. How

10.    He doesn’t know if Wiwin lives on Papanggo Street or not.

a. That
b. If
c. What
d. How

11.    Tell me . . .  you stopped working at your father’s office.

a. Who
b. Whom
c. Why
d. That

12.    She told . . . books to read.

a.     That

b.    If

c.     What

d.    How

13.    I don’t know . . . . I want to buy that phone or not.

a.     Whether

b.    Why

c.     What

d.    That

14.    Please tell me . . . Makes you cry
a. if
b. what
c. whether
d. how

15.    I do not know . . . He has no parents
a. that
b. why
c. what
d. when

16.    She is the person . . . I met in front of the school
a. whom
b. who
c. that
d. if

17.    I’m not sure . . . He go to work or not today
a. if
b. whether
c. does
d. had

18.    Please tell me . . . Do you want
a. what
b. if
c. when
d. why

19.    . . . I do is to make you happy
a. When
b. How
c. What
d. Where

20.    I do not know . . . He’s married or not
a. whether
b. has
c. have
d. if

References:

1.      Using Clauses as Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs. http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/claustyp.html. Accessed on November 14, 2018.

2.      Noun Clauses. http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23. Accessed on November 14, 2018.

3.      Meaning of “suppose” in the English Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/suppose. Accessed on November 14, 2018.

4.      Meaning of “discover” in the English Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/discover. Accessed on November 14, 2018.

5.      20 Contoh Soal Beserta Jawaban Noun Clause.

https://azbahasainggris.com/contoh-soal-beserta-jawaban-noun-clause. Accessed on November 14, 2018.

6.        50 Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause Dalam Bahasa Inggris Beserta Artinya.

http://www.belajardasarbahasainggris.com/2015/04/07/50-contoh-kalimat-noun-clause-dalam-bahasa-inggris-beserta-artinya. Accessed on November 14, 2018.

Name of Group : Dwiayu Purwindari (22216213)

                            Monica Dwi Andhini ( 24216516)

                            Muhammad Farras Erdanar (24216827)

Class                  : 3EB15

Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is also called a relative clause or an adjectival clause. A clause is a group of words that have a subject and predicate. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent. Independent clauses are sentences because they express a complete thought. Examples are: "The dog ran away." and "Get the door." In the second one, the subject is implied. To explain the function of an adjective clause, we will look at dependent clauses.

Dependent Clauses

Dependent clauses have the subject and predicate but can not stand alone. They depend on another clause to have meaning. Examples are: "When you finish your work" and "unless I get more money." With each of these, you want to ask "What?" because the thought was not finished. Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses and they start with a subordinate conjunction. This is the word that links the dependent clause to the rest of the sentence.

Examples of subordinate conjunctions are: how, where, when, why, unless, although, after, as far as, as if, because, before, once, whether, while, now that, until, since, and unless.

The three types of dependent clauses are:

·                      Adverbial (or adverb) - Adverbial clauses function as an adverb and answer the questions: when, where, why, how, and how much. Examples include: "Now that it rained a lot, the grass turned green." and "I am much olderthan my brother."

·                      Nominal - Nominal clauses function as a noun and can be the subject, an object, an appositive, or a complement. Sometimes nominal clauses start with an interrogative like: who, what, when, where, how, who, which, or why. Examples of nominal clauses are: "They always fought overwho should pay the bill" and "Whoever did thisis in big trouble."

·                      Adjectival (or adjective)

What Is an Adjective Clause

Adjectives clauses have a subject and a verb (or predicate). They will start with a relative pronoun, like: that, who, whom, whose, or which, or a relative adverb, like why, where, or when. Adjective clauses function as an adjective and modify nouns and pronouns. They are also called relative clauses.

Just as the other dependent clauses, the adjective clause does not express a complete thought. It does not need commas separating it from the rest of the sentence if it has essential information in it; that is if you need the information it provides. If it gives additional information, then you use commas. A good way to test for this is to leave out the clause, read the sentence, and see if the meaning of the two sentences is different.

Here are some examples of adjective clauses. The adjective clause is underlined.

·                      Chocolate, which many of us adore, is fattening.

·                      People who are smart follow the rules.

·                      I can remember the time when there were no computers.

·                      Charlie has a friend whose daughter lives in China.

·                      Wine that is produced in Tuscany is not cheap.

Adjectives

Since adjective clauses act like adjectives, you may want more information about adjectives. Some adjectives express the writer's opinion of a noun or pronoun, like silly, lovely, awful, and outrageous. These are called opinion adjectives.

Some adjectives are descriptive, telling about the physical characteristics of size, shape, color, or age. Examples include: huge, wee, rectangular, oval, bluish, purple, new, and ancient.

An origin adjective tells where an object originated or where is came from. These are adjectives like: eastern, lunar, Egyptian, or German.

The composition of a noun or pronoun will be described by a material adjective. Examples are: woolen, plastic, metal, or silk.

Some adjectives tell what purpose an object is used for. These many times end with an "ing." Some examples include: baking, fishing, testing, or hunting.

Lastly, some adjectives compare and have levels of comparison. These are words like: "good, better, best", "dry, drier, driest", and "beautiful, more beautiful, and most beautiful." Other adjectives compare but only on one level, like: unique, main, impossible, final, and inevitable.

Exercise : Adjective Clause

1.      My mother is angry. My mother is in this room

2.      The girl is happy. Her father gave her a present for her birthday

3.      Rifqi  is a handsome young man. He is my brother

4.      Ms. Bunga is a doctor, her  house  is  near  to my house

5.      Do you see my shoes? I bought it yesterday

6.      December 25 is the date. People celebrate Christmas Day then.

7.      The applicants are waiting for an interview. Some of them are high school graduates.

8.      What do you think about Indonesian worker? Malaysian goverment has deported most of them recently.

9.      Have you apologized to the boy? She was disturbed by your noisy voice.

10.  The police could not capture the escaped lion. It attacked some people on the screet.

11.  Jakarta is town.  I studied there in 2015

12.  The girl are angry. I do not like the girl

13.  Adelia is a beautiful young lady. She is my best friend

14.  The Jakarta is the big city, I was born here

15.  Monday is the day. Is born on that day

16.  The casino is well known in South East Java. It lies on the hill for about 3000 meters from a sealevel.

17.  The park has beautiful flower collection and a pool over bridge. The local goverment built it three years ago.

18.  Why didn't Shinta ask the waiter to help? She knew him so well.

19.  I saw the little child crying in the corridor. Sarah was trying to make her calm.

20.  Nita has made the pasta, hasn't she? Everyone likes its taste and texture.

Answer

1.        My mother who is angry in this room

2.        The girl whose father gave a present for her birthday is happy

3.        Rifqi who is a handsome young man is my brother

4.        Ms. Bunga whose is near to my house is a doctor

5.        Do you see my shoes which I bought yesterday

6.        December 25 is the date when People celebrate Christmas Day.

7.        The applicants, some of whom are high school graduates, are waiting for an interview.

8.        What do you think about Indonesian worker, most of whom Malaysian goverment has deported recently?

9.        Have you apologized to the girl who was disturbed by your noisy voice?

10.    The police could not capture the escaped lion which attacked some people on the screet.

11.    Jakarta is town where I studied there in 2015

12.    I do not like the girl who are angry

13.    Adelia who is a beautiful young lady is my best friend

14.    The Jakarta is the big city where I was born

15.     Monday is the day which that I was born on that day

16.    The casino which lies on the hill for about 3000 meters from a sea level is well known in South East Java.

17.    The park which The local goverment built three years ago has beautiful flower collection and a pool over bridge.

18.    Why didn't Shinta ask the waiter whom she knew him so well to help?

19.    I saw the little child whom Sarah was trying to make calm crying in the corridor.

20.    Nita has made the pudding whose taste and texture everyone likes, hasn't she?

Sumber

1.      www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net

2.      https://www.google.co.id/amp/s/azbahasainggris.com

3.      http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/adjective-clause.html

4.      https://www.juraganles.com/2017/10/150-soal-bahasa-inggris-adjective-clause-dan-kunci-jawaban.html

CONTOH KASUS HUKUM DAGANG

Imlek 2018, Harga Tiket Pesawat ke Pontianak Tembus Rp 1 Jutaan

Sejumlah anggota Pemadam Kebakaran Panca Bhakti Pontianak melakukan atraksi saat memainkan replika naga bersinar di Jalan Gajahmada Pontianak, Kalbar, 11 Februari 2017. Atraksi naga bersinar tersebut untuk memeriahkan perayaan Cap Go Meh. ANTARA/Victor Fidelis Sentosa

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Harga tiket pesawat tujuan Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, terutama dari Jakarta, mengalami kenaikan hampir 50 persen menjelang libur panjang Imlek 2018.

"Dengan bertambahnya jumlah permintaan wajar saja harga tiket juga naik hampir separuh dari sebelumnya. Sekarang rata-rata sudah di atas satu juta rupiah, sebelumnya di kisaran Rp 500an ribu. Kalau istilahnya saat ini lagi high season," ujar Nugroho Henray Ekasaputra, Ketua Association of the Indonesia Tours and Travel Agencies (ASITA) Kalimantan Barat, di Pontianak, Kamis, 15 Februari 2018.

Henray menjelaskan, terpenting yang perlu diperhatikan semua pihak adalah bagaimana permintaan atau orang berbondong-bondong ke Kalimantan Barat bukan hanya saat Imlek saja, namun juga pada momen lainnya.

"Kita harapkan wisatawan selalu datang ke Kalimantan Barat dan tentu itu perlu peran semua pihak agar hal itu bisa terwujud," ucapnya berharap.

Hal senada juga disampaikan oleh Kepala Dinas Pemuda, Olahraga, dan Pariwisata Kota Pontianak, Syarif Saleh. Menurut dia, ketika permintaan tinggi seperti saat Imlek dan Cap Go Meh, maka berlaku hukum pasar sehingga mendorong harga tiket naik.

"Tingginya harga tiket itu hanya sesaat karena tamu ramai. Sementara kursi di pesawat tidak mencukupi jadi berlaku hukum dagang, tapi bagi penggemar atau turis sepertinya tak masalah terbukti tetap ramai yang ke sini," ujar dia.

ANTARA

Penjelasan :

Sumber hukum pengangkutan secara umum terdapat dalam KUHD. Namun secara khusus dilihat dari klasifikasi jenis pengangkutan, yaitu:

1.  Pengangkutan Darat, diatur di dalam Pasal 91-98 KUHD dan semisal Undang-undang Nomor 14 Tahun 1992 Tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan.
2. Pengangkutan Laut, diatur di dalam Buku II Bab V KUHD, dan semisal Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1992 Tentang Pelayaran
3. Pengangkutan udara, yaitu semisal Undang-undang Nomor 15 Tahun 1992 tentang Penerbangan.

Selain hukum positif nasional, juga terdapat beberapa ketentuan-ketentuan internasional, antara lain:  Konvensi Warsawa (Warsaw Convention) 1929, Konvensi Geneva, Konvensi Roma 1952, Protokol Hague 1955, Konvensi Guadalajara 1961, dan Protokol Guatemala

Hukum pengangkutan mencakup tiga ruang lingkup, yaitu:

1. Angkutan darat
2. Angkutan udara
3. Angkutan perairan, yang terdiri dari (1) angkutan laut, (2) angkutan sungai dan danau, dan (3) angkutan penyeberangan.

Sumber :

https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1061129/imlek-2018-harga-tiket-pesawat-ke-pontianak-tembus-rp-1-jutaan # diakses pada 18 Maret 2018 12:54 WIB

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/95747811.pdf # diakses pada 18 Maret 2018 13:00 WIB